S1: Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.
P: An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.
Q: In the young there is a justification for this feeling.
R: Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best thing that life has to offer.
S: But in the old man who has known human joys and sorrows, the fear of death is somewhat object and ignoble, and the best way to overcome it is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal.
S6: Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea and painlessly lose their individual being.
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S1: It was early 1943 and the war in the East was going disastrously.
P: How this unlikely bunch of middle aged civilians accomplished their missions makes fascinating reading.
Q: To stop the sinkings a spy ring had to be broken, a German ship assaulted, and a secret radio transmitter silenced.
R: U-boats were torpedoing Allied ships in the Indian ocean faster than they could be replaced.
S: And the only people who could do the job were a handful of British businessmen in Calcutta-all men not called out for active service.
S6: Boarding party, James Leasor's latest best-seller is a record of this tale of heroics tinged with irony and humour.
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S1: The distinction between state or sovereign and government is developed by Rousseau with utmost exactness and accuracy.
P: While 'state' denotes the community as a whole, created by social pact and manifesting itself in supreme general will, 'government' denotes merely the individual or groups of individuals that is designated by the community to carry into effect the sovereign will.
Q: Government, to Rousseau, means executive power.
R: The individuals, to whom this power is assigned are the officers or the agents of the sovereign.
S: The government is created not by any contract but by a decree of the sovereign, and its function is in no sense to make but only to administer law.
S6: Collectively, they may be called 'prence' or 'magistracy'.
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S1: Primitive man was helpless and weak.
P: He conceived of some divinity behind this.
Q: As ages passed, he began to think and to investigate nature's mysteries.
R: He bowed down before natural phenomena.
S: The flash of lightning, the clap of thunder struck him with awe.
S6: Today the knowledge gained from science has armed him with superhuman strength.
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S1: We and all other animals breathe in and breathe out air all the time.
P: If we stop breathing, we die.
Q: It is because of this fact that we are able to live.
R: It is called the atmosphere.
S: All parts of the earth are surrounded by air.
S6: It is a part of the earth.
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S1: Trucks, trains planes and refrigerator ships are new ways of carrying food.
P: In many countries, women carry food to market on their heads.
Q: High in the Andes Mountains long lines of Illamas, each with a heavy bag of grain, pick their way along rocky trails.
R: But a great deal of food is still carried on the heads of women and the backs of animals.
S: Over the desert sands, camels carry loads of salt, dates and cheese from one oasis to another.
S6: And in a lonely bay, a fisherman still rows home with the day's catch.
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S1: This is the story of a tram that woke up at dead of night and went off on a trip all by itself to end in a disaster.
P: In the early morning of 19 January it suddenly started backing out of the depot on its own.
Q: Tramways sources explained that power supply to the overhead wires at the siding had been switched off for some repair work.
R: It went up a quarter mile away, crashed into state bus which caught fire went it smashed into an electric feeder box and a water tap.
S: There was presumably, some defect in the reversal handle of the tram and its main switch had not been put off.
S6: As a result, when the power supply was restored in the early morning the tram began to move.
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S1: Growing up means not only getting larger, but also using our senses and our brains to become more aware of the things around us.
P: Not only does he have a memory but he is able to think and reason.
Q: In this, man differs from all other animals.
R: Before we spray our roadside plants or turn sewage into our rivers, we should pause to think what the results of our actions are likely to be.
S: That is to say, he is able to plan what he is going to do in the light of his experience before he does it.
S6: In other words, we must develop and use our ability to reason, because the destruction or the preservation of the places in which we live depends on us.
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S1: But Mr. Ford was by no means the inventor of mass production.
P: It is difficult, indeed, to say who was.
Q: Brilliant men perfected cotton gins and looms.
R: The invention of the steam-engine gave manufacturers the cheap power they needed.
S: When the first large mills for the manufacture of cloth were built, mass production began.
S6: When one huge machine began to perform rapidly due operations previously done slowly by hand, the age of mass production was born.
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S1: Obesity is a curse of modern times.
P: As a result, what is lost is the natural goodness of roughage and important nutrients.
Q: Invariably, fat and sugar which cause obesity are added to make food more palatable.
R: In these days, food gets more refined and cooking methods are more intricate.
S: Therefore, there are more obese people today than ever before.
S6: This is because today's changed life styles often mean less physical exertion and an over indulgence in unhealthy food.
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S1: I was awakened in the night by a noise in the house.
P: I quickly put on my dressing gown and crept downstairs.
Q: In the living room I discovered two burglars breaking into my desk.
R: As I switched on the light I saw that it was 2 o'clock.
S: They were both tall, dark men.
S6: As soon as they saw me standing there, they rushed to the window and jumped out.
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S1: It is true we cannot bring about social equality by law and that therefore there are still inequalities in Indian society.
P: In the United States of America, for instance, Negroes have equal rights under the constitution but unfortunately these rights are not always given to them freely by the White majority.
Q: It takes time for people to change their way of thinking.
R: This is a problem common to many countries.
S: It is only when we realise that social equality means not only that men are equal before the law, but also equal in the eyes of god that we can begin to have a completely caste less society.
S6: The secular state as found in India, recognises the importance of religion to the individual by giving him freedom to practice it and tell others about it, within the limits of the constitution.
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S1: Ms. Subramaniam started a petrol pump in Madras.
P: A total of twelve girls now work at the pump.
Q: She advertised in newspaper for women staff.
R: They operate in two shifts.
S: The response was good.
S6: Thus she has shown the way for many others.
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S1: Science means finding out how things actually do happen.
P: He showed that a light object falls to the ground at the same rate as a heavy object.
Q: It does not mean laying down principles as to how they ought to happen.
R: This did not agree with the views of most learned men of that time.
S: The most famous example of this concerns Galileo's discovery about falling bodies.
S6: But Galileo proved his point experimentally by dropping weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
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S1: Moncure Conway devoted his life to two great objects : freedom of thought, and freedom of the individual.
P: They threaten both kinds of freedom.
Q: But something also has been lost.
R: There are now dangers, somewhat different in form from those of the past ages.
S: In regard to both these objects, something has been gained since his time.
S6: Unless a vigorous and vigilant public opinion can be aroused in defence of them, there will be much less of both a hundred years hence than there is now.
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S1: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt-Greece-the Roman Empire-the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance-the age of modern science and of modern nations one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.
S6: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.
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S1: The city is almost a slum and stinks most of the time.
P: The slush on the road did not deter them.
Q: The occasional slips and falls were considered a small price to pay for the trip.
R: They were excited, fascinated by the sight of fresh snow on the road.
S: Even so, it looked beautiful to tourists of various categories.
S6: But some visitors came away with the unforgettable sight of young labourers scantily clad.
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S1: When a body grows into a young man, he finds himself in a new and strange world.
P: The relationship remains but its nature changes.
Q: The emotional ties that he had with them are now loosened.
R: The old pattern of his life in which his parents were the nucleus around which his life revolved now undergoes a change.
S: He finds in himself an emotional void which he must somehow fill.
S6: At this stage of his life he is like a body without a soul, an eye without light or a flower without fragrance.
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S1: Ingratitude stings strongest where relationship is closest.
P: Expectation turns innocent relationship into commerce.
Q: Human relationship is adulterated with sly commerce.
R: In commerce, of course, give and take is understood.
S: Most relationships are founded on mutual expectations.
S6: From any warm and healthy human relationship expectation of returns has to be weeded out.
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S1: If you want to do well in your examinations you need to be able to think for yourself which means not just following the guide-books but write what you think yourself.
P: That will not help much.
Q: Few if any students do this.
R: By discussing things with other students, with your teachers, and with any intelligent people you meet you will find you can pick up a lot of new ideas but it is not good first accepting these ideas, swallowing them undigested and then repeating them in the examination.
S: At first you will find it difficult but if you go on trying you will find clear independent thought becomes easier.
S6: If however you turn these ideas over in our mind accepting those which you agree with and fitting them into your stock of knowledge and rejecting the others you may get somewhere.
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