The critical radius of insulation for a spherical shell is (where, K = thermal conductivity of insulating material h0 = heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface)
A. h 0 K
B. h 0 2 K
C. K h 0
D. 2 K h 0
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Finned tube heat exchangers
A. Give larger area per tube
B. Use metal fins of low thermal conductivity
C. Facilitate very large temperature drop through tube wall
D. Are used for smaller heat load
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For an ideal black body
A. Absorptivity = 1
B. Reflectivity = 1
C. Emissivity = 0
D. Transmissivity = 1
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The sum of reflectivity and absorptivity for an opaque body is equal to
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Which of the following is not used as a medium for high temperature heating?
A. Dowtherm
B. Mercury
C. Liquid metal (e.g. molten sodium)
D. Fused salts (e.g., an eutectic mixture of 53% KNO3 , 40% NaNO2 and 7% NaNO3 )
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Prandtl number for most of dry gases is about
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Which of the following is the most widely used heat insulating material for pipelines carrying steam?
A. Tar dolomite bricks followed by asbestos
B. Fireclay refractory followed by aluminium sheet
C. Cotton followed by aluminium foil
D. 85% magnesia cement and glass wool
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Forced circulation evaporators are useful for the concentration of viscous, salting and scale forming liquors. Which of the following is a forced circulation evaporator?
A. Long vertical evaporator
B. Horizontal tube evaporator
C. Agitated film evaporator
D. Calenderia vertical tube evaporator
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Fouling factor
A. Is a dimensionless quantity
B. Does not provide a safety factor for design
C. Accounts for additional resistances to heat flow
D. None of these
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In SI units, fouling factor is expressed in
A. m2 °K/W
B. W/m2 °K
C. m2 °K
D. m°K/W
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Critical value of the __________ number governs the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in free convection heat transfer.
A. Grashoff
B. Reynolds
C. Both A & B
D. Prandtl & Grashoff
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In a laboratory test run, the rate of drying was found to be 0.5 × 10-3 kg/m2 .s, when the moisture content reduced from 0.4 to 0.1 on dry basis. The critical moisture content of the material is 0.08 on a dry basis. A tray dryer is used to dry 100 kg (dry basis) of the same material under identical conditions. The surface area of the material is 0.04 m2 /kg of dry solid. The time required (in seconds) to reduce the moisture content of the solids from 0.3 to 0.2 (dry basis) is
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In pipe flow, heat is transferred from hot wall to the liquid by
A. Conduction only
B. Forced convection only
C. Forced convection and conduction
D. Free and forced convection
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Heat transfer in the laminar sublayer in case of a liquid flowing through a pipe, is mostly by
A. Eddies current
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. None of these
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In a cooling tower, water becomes cool by
A. Loosing sensible heat
B. Heat transfer to surroundings
C. Vaporisation due to heat loss to air
D. Loosing latent heat
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Steam side heat transfer co-efficient in an evaporator is in the range of __________ kcal/hr.m2 °C.
A. 10 - 50
B. 100 - 500
C. 1000 - 1500
D. 5000 - 15000
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LMTD for counterflow and prallel flow heat exchanger will be the same, when the
A. Cold fluid is heated to a certain temperature by condensing steam (isothermal fluid)
B. Outlent temperature of both the hot and cold fluid are same
C. Outlet temperature of hot fluid is less than the outlet temperature of the cold fluid
D. None of these
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In a shell and tube heat exchanger, floating head is used for
A. Large temperature differentials
B. High heat transfer co-efficient
C. Low pressure drop
D. Less corrosion of tubes
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What is the steam economy in case of a single effect evaporator system?
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Graetz number is given by
A. kL m C p
B. m C p kL
C. k μ m C p
D. m C p k μ
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