Assertion (A): The elitist theory of democracy does not aim at change in the existing socio-economic situation. Its object is to suggest a political system best suited to the existing order. Reason (R): The elitist theory arose due to the need for the maintenance of stability and equilibrium in the liberal capitalist societies.
Assertion (A): A federal system is a poor device as far as harmonization of national unity with local autonomy is concerned. Reason (R): In the federal system, there is always the danger of secession of units from the federal government. As the units enjoy autonomy, there can develop a spirit of defiance and independence and that can ultimately result in a revolt against the federal government.
Assertion (A): Bureaucracy is a perplexing term and has been subjected to many different interpretations. It is used variously to identify an institution or a caste, a mode of operation, an ideology, a way of life, a social category etc. Reason (R): From the start the use of the term 'Bureaucracy' has been pejorative and its focus has been on government officials.
Laski attributes the rise of bureaucracy to several factors. Consider the following statements in this regard:
1. Bureaucracy arose as a by-product of aristocracy. Historically, a disinclination on the part of the aristocracy for active government has in some cases led to the transfer of power into the hands of permanent officials.
2. The origin of bureaucracy may be traced to the desire of the crown to have a body of personal servants who may be set-off against the appetite of the aristocracy for power.
3. Democracy aided in the rise and growth of bureaucracy by, first, obviating the possibility of maintaining a system whereby officials could constitute a permanent and hereditary caste and second, making it essential to have a body of experts in charge of a particular service.
4. The scale of the modern state and the vastness of the service it seeks to render make expert administration inevitable.
Which of the above statements paraphrase the Laskian view on the rise of bureaucracy? Select the correct answer from below: